Automotive Security

Overview

Note

All automotive related features work best on Linux systems. CANSockets and ISOTPSockets in Scapy are based on Linux kernel modules. The python-can project is used to support CAN and CANSockets on other systems, besides Linux. This guide explains the hardware setup on a BeagleBone Black. The BeagleBone Black was chosen because of its two CAN interfaces on the main processor. The presence of two CAN interfaces in one device gives the possibility of CAN MITM attacks and session hijacking. The Cannelloni framework turns a single board computer into a CAN-to-UDP interface, which gives you the freedom to run Scapy on a more powerful machine.

Protocols

The following table should give a brief overview about all automotive capabilities of Scapy. Most application layer protocols have many specialized Packet classes. These special purpose classes are not part of this overview. Use the explore() function to get all information about one specific protocol.

OSI Layer	Protocol	Scapy Implementations
Application Layer	UDS (ISO 14229)	UDS, UDS_*, UDS_TesterPresentSender
	GMLAN	GMLAN, GMLAN_*, GMLAN_TesterPresentSender
	SOME/IP	SOMEIP, SD
	BMW ENET	ENET, ENETSocket
	OBD	OBD, OBD_S0X
	CCP	CCP, DTO, CRO
Transportation Layer	ISO-TP (ISO 15765-2)	ISOTPSocket, ISOTPNativeSocket, ISOTPSoftSocket ISOTPSniffer, ISOTPMessageBuilder, ISOTPSession ISOTPHeader, ISOTPHeaderEA, ISOTPScan ISOTP, ISOTP_SF, ISOTP_FF, ISOTP_CF, ISOTP_FC
Data Link Layer	CAN (ISO 11898)	CAN, CANSocket, rdcandump, CandumpReader

CAN Layer

How-To

Send and receive a message over Linux SocketCAN:

load_layer('can')
load_contrib('cansocket')

socket = CANSocket(iface='can0')
packet = CAN(identifier=0x123, data=b'01020304')

socket.send(packet)
rx_packet = socket.recv()

socket.sr1(packet, timeout=1)

Send a message over a Vector CAN-Interface:

import can
load_layer('can')
conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can' : True}
load_contrib('cansocket')
from can.interfaces.vector import VectorBus

socket = CANSocket(iface=VectorBus(0, bitrate=1000000))
packet = CAN(identifier=0x123, data=b'01020304')

socket.send(packet)
rx_packet = socket.recv()

socket.sr1(packet)

Tutorials

Linux SocketCAN

This subsection summarizes some basics about Linux SocketCAN. An excellent overview from Oliver Hartkopp can be found here: https://wiki.automotivelinux.org/_media/agl-distro/agl2017-socketcan-print.pdf

Virtual CAN Setup

Linux SocketCAN supports virtual CAN interfaces. These interfaces are an easy way to do some first steps on a CAN-Bus without the requirement of special hardware. Besides that, virtual CAN interfaces are heavily used in Scapy unit test for automotive related contributions.

Virtual CAN sockets require a special Linux kernel module. The following shell command loads the required module:

sudo modprobe vcan

In order to use a virtual CAN interface some additional commands for setup are required. This snippet chooses the name vcan0 for the virtual CAN interface. Any name can be chosen here:

sudo ip link add name vcan0 type vcan
sudo ip link set dev vcan0 up

The same commands can be executed from Scapy like this:

from scapy.layers.can import *
import os

bashCommand = "/bin/bash -c 'sudo modprobe vcan; sudo ip link add name vcan0 type vcan; sudo ip link set dev vcan0 up'"
os.system(bashCommand)

If it’s required, a CAN interface can be set into a listen-only or loopback mode with ip link set commands:

ip link set vcan0 type can help  # shows additional information

Linux can-utils

As part of Linux SocketCAN, some very useful commandline tools are provided from Oliver Hartkopp: https://github.com/linux-can/can-utils

The following example shows basic functions of Linux can-utils. These utilities are very handy for quick checks, dumping, sending or logging of CAN messages from the command line.

CAN Frame

Basic information about CAN can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus

The following examples assume that CAN layer in your Scapy session is loaded. If it isn’t, the CAN layer can be loaded with this command in your Scapy session:

>>> load_layer("can")

Creation of a standard CAN frame:

>>> frame = CAN(identifier=0x200, length=8, data=b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08')

Creation of an extended CAN frame:

frame = CAN(flags='extended', identifier=0x10010000, length=8, data=b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08')
>>> frame.show()
###[ CAN ]###
  flags= extended
  identifier= 0x10010000
  length= 8
  reserved= 0
  data= '\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08'

CAN Frame in- and export

CAN Frames can be written to and read from pcap files:

x = CAN(identifier=0x7ff,length=8,data=b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08')
wrpcap('/tmp/scapyPcapTest.pcap', x, append=False)
y = rdpcap('/tmp/scapyPcapTest.pcap', 1)

Additionally CAN Frames can be imported from candump output and log files. The CandumpReader class can be used in the same way as a socket object. This allows you to use sniff and other functions from Scapy:

with CandumpReader("candump.log") as sock:
    can_msgs = sniff(count=50, opened_socket=sock)

Scapy CANSocket

In Scapy, two kind of CANSockets are implemented. One implementation is called Native CANSocket, the other implementation is called Python-can CANSocket.

Since Python 3 supports PF_CAN sockets, Native CANSockets can be used on a Linux based system with Python 3 or higher. These sockets have a performance advantage because select is callable on them. This has a big effect in MITM scenarios.

For compatibility reasons, Python-can CANSockets were added to Scapy. On Windows or OSX and on all systems without Python 3, CAN buses can be accessed through python-can. python-can needs to be installed on the system: https://github.com/hardbyte/python-can/ Python-can CANSockets are a wrapper of python-can interface objects for Scapy. Both CANSockets provide the same API which makes them exchangeable under most conditions. Nevertheless some unique behaviours of each CANSocket type has to be respected. Some CAN-interfaces, like Vector hardware is only supported on Windows. These interfaces can be used through Python-can CANSockets.

Native CANSocket

Creating a simple native CANSocket:

conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': False} #(default)
load_contrib('cansocket')

# Simple Socket
socket = CANSocket(iface="vcan0")

Creating a native CANSocket only listen for messages with Id == 0x200:

socket = CANSocket(iface="vcan0", can_filters=[{'can_id': 0x200, 'can_mask': 0x7FF}])

Creating a native CANSocket only listen for messages with Id >= 0x200 and Id <= 0x2ff:

socket = CANSocket(iface="vcan0", can_filters=[{'can_id': 0x200, 'can_mask': 0x700}])

Creating a native CANSocket only listen for messages with Id != 0x200:

socket = CANSocket(iface="vcan0", can_filters=[{'can_id': 0x200 | CAN_INV_FILTER, 'can_mask': 0x7FF}])

Creating a native CANSocket with multiple can_filters:

socket = CANSocket(iface='vcan0', can_filters=[{'can_id': 0x200, 'can_mask': 0x7ff},
                                               {'can_id': 0x400, 'can_mask': 0x7ff},
                                               {'can_id': 0x600, 'can_mask': 0x7ff},
                                               {'can_id': 0x7ff, 'can_mask': 0x7ff}])

Creating a native CANSocket which also receives its own messages:

socket = CANSocket(iface="vcan0", receive_own_messages=True)

Sniff on a CANSocket:

CANSocket python-can

python-can is required to use various CAN-interfaces on Windows, OSX or Linux. The python-can library is used through a CANSocket object. To create a python-can CANSocket object, all parameters of a python-can interface.Bus object has to be used for the initialization of the CANSocket.

Ways of creating a python-can CANSocket:

conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': True}
load_contrib('cansocket')

Creating a simple python-can CANSocket:

socket = CANSocket(bustype='socketcan', channel='vcan0', bitrate=250000)

Creating a python-can CANSocket with multiple filters:

socket = CANSocket(bustype='socketcan', channel='vcan0', bitrate=250000,
                can_filters=[{'can_id': 0x200, 'can_mask': 0x7ff},
                            {'can_id': 0x400, 'can_mask': 0x7ff},
                            {'can_id': 0x600, 'can_mask': 0x7ff},
                            {'can_id': 0x7ff, 'can_mask': 0x7ff}])

For further details on python-can check: https://python-can.readthedocs.io/

CANSocket MITM attack with bridge and sniff

This example shows how to use bridge and sniff on virtual CAN interfaces. For real world applications, use real CAN interfaces. Set up two vcans on Linux terminal:

sudo modprobe vcan
sudo ip link add name vcan0 type vcan
sudo ip link add name vcan1 type vcan
sudo ip link set dev vcan0 up
sudo ip link set dev vcan1 up

Import modules:

import threading
load_contrib('cansocket')
load_layer("can")

Create can sockets for attack:

socket0 = CANSocket(iface='vcan0')
socket1 = CANSocket(iface='vcan1')

Create a function to send packet with threading:

def sendPacket():
    sleep(0.2)
    socket0.send(CAN(flags='extended', identifier=0x10010000, length=8, data=b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08'))

Create a function for forwarding or change packets:

def forwarding(pkt):
    return pkt

Create a function to bridge and sniff between two sockets:

def bridge():
    bSocket0 = CANSocket(iface='vcan0')
    bSocket1 = CANSocket(iface='vcan1')
    bridge_and_sniff(if1=bSocket0, if2=bSocket1, xfrm12=forwarding, xfrm21=forwarding, timeout=1)
    bSocket0.close()
    bSocket1.close()

Create threads for sending packet and to bridge and sniff:

threadBridge = threading.Thread(target=bridge)
threadSender = threading.Thread(target=sendMessage)

Start the threads:

threadBridge.start()
threadSender.start()

Sniff packets:

packets = socket1.sniff(timeout=0.3)

Close the sockets:

socket0.close()
socket1.close()

DBC File Format and CAN Signals

In order to support the DBC file format, SignalFields and the SignalPacket classes were added to Scapy. SignalFields should only be used inside a SignalPacket. Multiplexer fields (MUX) can be created through ConditionalFields. The following example demonstrates the usage:

DBC Example:

BO_ 4 muxTestFrame: 7 TEST_ECU
 SG_ myMuxer M : 53|3@1+ (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig4 m0 : 25|7@1- (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig3 m0 : 16|9@1+ (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig2 m0 : 15|8@0- (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig1 m0 : 0|8@1- (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig5 m1 : 22|7@1- (0.01,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig6 m1 : 32|9@1+ (2,10) [0|0] "mV"  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig7 m1 : 2|8@0- (0.5,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig8 m1 : 0|6@1- (10,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ muxSig9 : 40|8@1- (100,-5) [0|0] "V"  CCL_TEST

BO_ 3 testFrameFloat: 8 TEST_ECU
 SG_ floatSignal2 : 32|32@1- (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST
 SG_ floatSignal1 : 7|32@0- (1,0) [0|0] ""  CCL_TEST

Scapy implementation of this DBC description:

class muxTestFrame(SignalPacket):
    fields_desc = [
        LEUnsignedSignalField("myMuxer", default=0, start=53, size=3),
        ConditionalField(LESignedSignalField("muxSig4", default=0, start=25, size=7), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 0),
        ConditionalField(LEUnsignedSignalField("muxSig3", default=0, start=16, size=9), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 0),
        ConditionalField(BESignedSignalField("muxSig2", default=0, start=15, size=8), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 0),
        ConditionalField(LESignedSignalField("muxSig1", default=0, start=0, size=8), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 0),
        ConditionalField(LESignedSignalField("muxSig5", default=0, start=22, size=7, scaling=0.01), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 1),
        ConditionalField(LEUnsignedSignalField("muxSig6", default=0, start=32, size=9, scaling=2, offset=10, unit="mV"), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 1),
        ConditionalField(BESignedSignalField("muxSig7", default=0, start=2, size=8, scaling=0.5), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 1),
        ConditionalField(LESignedSignalField("muxSig8", default=0, start=3, size=3, scaling=10), lambda p: p.myMuxer == 1),
        LESignedSignalField("muxSig9", default=0, start=41, size=7, scaling=100, offset=-5, unit="V"),
    ]

class testFrameFloat(SignalPacket):
    fields_desc = [
        LEFloatSignalField("floatSignal2", default=0, start=32),
        BEFloatSignalField("floatSignal1", default=0, start=7)
    ]

bind_layers(SignalHeader, muxTestFrame, identifier=0x123)
bind_layers(SignalHeader, testFrameFloat, identifier=0x321)

dbc_sock = CANSocket("can0", basecls=SignalHeader)

pkt = SignalHeader()/testFrameFloat(floatSignal2=3.4)

dbc_sock.send(pkt)

This example uses the class SignalHeader as header. The payload is specified by individual SignalPackets. bind_layers combines the header with the payload dependent on the CAN identifier. If you want to directly receive SignalPackets from your CANSocket, provide the parameter basecls to the init function of your CANSocket.

Canmatrix supports the creation of Scapy files from DBC or AUTOSAR XML files https://github.com/ebroecker/canmatrix

CAN Calibration Protocol (CCP)

CCP is derived from CAN. The CAN-header is part of a CCP frame. CCP has two types of message objects. One is called Command Receive Object (CRO), the other is called Data Transmission Object (DTO). Usually CROs are sent to an ECU, and DTOs are received from an ECU. The information, if one DTO answers a CRO is implemented through a counter field (ctr). If both objects have the same counter value, the payload of a DTO object can be interpreted from the command of the associated CRO object.

Creating a CRO message:

CCP(identifier=0x700)/CRO(ctr=1)/CONNECT(station_address=0x02)
CCP(identifier=0x711)/CRO(ctr=2)/GET_SEED(resource=2)
CCP(identifier=0x711)/CRO(ctr=3)/UNLOCK(key=b"123456")

If we aren’t interested in the DTO of an ECU, we can just send a CRO message like this: Sending a CRO message:

pkt = CCP(identifier=0x700)/CRO(ctr=1)/CONNECT(station_address=0x02)
sock = CANSocket(iface=can.interface.Bus(bustype='socketcan', channel='vcan0', bitrate=250000))
sock.send(pkt)

If we are interested in the DTO of an ECU, we need to set the basecls parameter of the CANSocket to CCP and we need to use sr1: Sending a CRO message:

cro = CCP(identifier=0x700)/CRO(ctr=0x53)/PROGRAM_6(data=b"\x10\x11\x12\x10\x11\x12")
sock = CANSocket(iface=can.interface.Bus(bustype='socketcan', channel='vcan0', bitrate=250000), basecls=CCP)
dto = sock.sr1(cro)
dto.show()
###[ CAN Calibration Protocol ]###
  flags=
  identifier= 0x700
  length= 8
  reserved= 0
###[ DTO ]###
     packet_id= 0xff
     return_code= acknowledge / no error
     ctr= 83
###[ PROGRAM_6_DTO ]###
        MTA0_extension= 2
        MTA0_address= 0x34002006

Since sr1 calls the answers function, our payload of the DTO objects gets interpreted with the command of our CRO object.

ISOTP

System compatibilities

Dependent on your setup, different implementations have to be used.

Python OS	Linux with can_isotp	Linux wo can_isotp	Windows / OSX
Python 3	ISOTPNativeSocket	ISOTPSoftSocket	ISOTPSoftSocket conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': True}
	conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': False}
Python 2	ISOTPSoftSocket conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': True}

The class ISOTPSocket can be set to a ISOTPNativeSocket or a ISOTPSoftSocket. The decision is made dependent on the configuration conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': True} (to select ISOTPNativeSocket) or conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': False} (to select ISOTPSoftSocket). This will allow you to write platform independent code. Apply this configuration before loading the ISOTP layer with load_contrib("isotp").

Another remark in respect to ISOTPSocket compatibility. Always use with for socket creation. Example:

with ISOTPSocket("vcan0", did=0x241, sid=0x641) as sock:
    sock.send(...)

ISOTP message

Creating an ISOTP message:

load_contrib('isotp')
ISOTP(src=0x241, dst=0x641, data=b"\x3eabc")

Creating an ISOTP message with extended addressing:

ISOTP(src=0x241, dst=0x641, exdst=0x41, data=b"\x3eabc")

Creating an ISOTP message with extended addressing:

ISOTP(src=0x241, dst=0x641, exdst=0x41, exsrc=0x41, data=b"\x3eabc")

Create CAN-frames from an ISOTP message:

ISOTP(src=0x241, dst=0x641, exdst=0x41, exsrc=0x55, data=b"\x3eabc" * 10).fragment()

Send ISOTP message over ISOTP socket:

isoTpSocket = ISOTPSocket('vcan0', sid=0x241, did=0x641)
isoTpMessage = ISOTP('Message')
isoTpSocket.send(isoTpMessage)

Sniff ISOTP message:

isoTpSocket = ISOTPSocket('vcan0', sid=0x641, did=0x241)
packets = isoTpSocket.sniff(timeout=0.5)

ISOTP MITM attack with bridge and sniff

Set up two vcans on Linux terminal:

sudo modprobe vcan
sudo ip link add name vcan0 type vcan
sudo ip link add name vcan1 type vcan
sudo ip link set dev vcan0 up
sudo ip link set dev vcan1 up

Set up ISOTP:

First make sure you installed an iso-tp kernel module.

When the vcan core module is loaded with “sudo modprobe vcan” the iso-tp module can be loaded to the kernel.

Therefore navigate to isotp directory, and load module with “sudo insmod ./net/can/can-isotp.ko”. (Tested on Kernel 4.9.135-1-MANJARO)

Detailed instructions you find in https://github.com/hartkopp/can-isotp.

Import modules:

import threading
load_contrib('cansocket')
conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': True}
load_contrib('isotp')

Create to ISOTP sockets for attack:

isoTpSocketVCan0 = ISOTPSocket('vcan0', sid=0x241, did=0x641)
isoTpSocketVCan1 = ISOTPSocket('vcan1', sid=0x641, did=0x241)

Create function to send packet on vcan0 with threading:

def sendPacketWithISOTPSocket():
    sleep(0.2)
    packet = ISOTP('Request')
    isoTpSocketVCan0.send(packet)

Create function to forward packet:

def forwarding(pkt):
    return pkt

Create function to bridge and sniff between two buses:

def bridge():
    bSocket0 = ISOTPSocket('vcan0', sid=0x641, did=0x241)
    bSocket1 = ISOTPSocket('vcan1', sid=0x241, did=0x641)
    bridge_and_sniff(if1=bSocket0, if2=bSocket1, xfrm12=forwarding, xfrm21=forwarding, timeout=1)
    bSocket0.close()
    bSocket1.close()

Create threads for sending packet and to bridge and sniff:

threadBridge = threading.Thread(target=bridge)
threadSender = threading.Thread(target=sendPacketWithISOTPSocket)

Start threads are based on Linux kernel modules. The python-can project is used to support CAN and CANSockets on other systems, besides Linux. This guide explains the hardware setup on a BeagleBone Black. The BeagleBone Black was chosen because of its two CAN interfaces on the main processor. The presence of two CAN interfaces in one device gives the possibility of CAN MITM attacks and session hijacking. The Cannelloni framework turns a BeagleBone Black into a CAN-to-UDP interface, which gives you the freedom to run Scapy on a more powerful machine.:

threadBridge.start()
threadSender.start()

Sniff on vcan1:

receive = isoTpSocketVCan1.sniff(timeout=1)

Close sockets:

isoTpSocketVCan0.close()
isoTpSocketVCan1.close()

An ISOTPSocket will not respect src, dst, exdst, exsrc of an ISOTP message object.

ISOTP Sockets

Scapy provides two kinds of ISOTP Sockets. One implementation, the ISOTPNativeSocket is using the Linux kernel module from Hartkopp. The other implementation, the ISOTPSoftSocket is completely implemented in Python. This implementation can be used on Linux, Windows, and OSX.

ISOTPNativeSocket

Requires:

• Python3

• Linux

• Hartkopp’s Linux kernel module: https://github.com/hartkopp/can-isotp.git

During pentests, the ISOTPNativeSockets has a better performance and reliability, usually. If you are working on Linux, consider this implementation:

conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': True}
load_contrib('isotp')
sock = ISOTPSocket("can0", sid=0x641, did=0x241)

Since this implementation is using a standard Linux socket, all Scapy functions like sniff, sr, sr1, bridge_and_sniff work out of the box.

ISOTPSoftSocket

ISOTPSoftSockets can use any CANSocket. This gives the flexibility to use all python-can interfaces. Additionally, these sockets work on Python2 and Python3. Usage on Linux with native CANSockets:

conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': False}
load_contrib('isotp')
with ISOTPSocket("can0", sid=0x641, did=0x241) as sock:
    sock.send(...)

Usage with python-can CANSockets:

conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': False}
conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': True}
load_contrib('isotp')
with ISOTPSocket(CANSocket(iface=python_can.interface.Bus(bustype='socketcan', channel="can0", bitrate=250000)), sid=0x641, did=0x241) as sock:
    sock.send(...)

This second example allows the usage of any python_can.interface object.

Attention: The internal implementation of ISOTPSoftSockets requires a background thread. In order to be able to close this thread properly, we suggest the use of Pythons with statement.

ISOTPScan and ISOTPScanner

ISOTPScan is a utility function to find ISOTP-Endpoints on a CAN-Bus. ISOTPScanner is a commandline-utility for the identical function.

Commandline usage example:

python -m scapy.tools.automotive.isotpscanner -h
usage:      isotpscanner [-i interface] [-c channel] [-b bitrate]
                [-n NOISE_LISTEN_TIME] [-t SNIFF_TIME] [-x|--extended]
                [-C|--piso] [-v|--verbose] [-h|--help] [-s start] [-e end]

    Scan for open ISOTP-Sockets.

    required arguments:
    -c, --channel         python-can channel or Linux SocketCAN interface name
    -s, --start           Start scan at this identifier (hex)
    -e, --end             End scan at this identifier (hex)

    additional required arguments for WINDOWS or Python 2:
    -i, --interface       python-can interface for the scan.
                          Depends on used interpreter and system,
                          see examples below. Any python-can interface can
                          be provided. Please see:
                          https://python-can.readthedocs.io for
                          further interface examples.
    -b, --bitrate         python-can bitrate.

    optional arguments:
    -h, --help            show this help message and exit
    -n NOISE_LISTEN_TIME, --noise_listen_time NOISE_LISTEN_TIME
                          Seconds listening for noise before scan.
    -t SNIFF_TIME, --sniff_time SNIFF_TIME
                          Duration in milliseconds a sniff is waiting for a
                          flow-control response.
    -x, --extended        Scan with ISOTP extended addressing.
    -C, --piso            Print 'Copy&Paste'-ready ISOTPSockets.
    -v, --verbose         Display information during scan.

    Example of use:

    Python2 or Windows:
    python2 -m scapy.tools.automotive.isotpscanner --interface=pcan --channel=PCAN_USBBUS1 --bitrate=250000 --start 0 --end 100
    python2 -m scapy.tools.automotive.isotpscanner --interface vector --channel 0 --bitrate 250000 --start 0 --end 100
    python2 -m scapy.tools.automotive.isotpscanner --interface socketcan --channel=can0 --bitrate=250000 --start 0 --end 100

    Python3 on Linux:
    python3 -m scapy.tools.automotive.isotpscanner --channel can0 --start 0 --end 100

Interactive shell usage example:

>>> conf.contribs['ISOTP'] = {'use-can-isotp-kernel-module': True}
>>> conf.contribs['CANSocket'] = {'use-python-can': False}
>>> load_contrib('cansocket')
>>> load_contrib('isotp')
>>> socks = ISOTPScan(CANSocket("vcan0"), range(0x700, 0x7ff), can_interface="vcan0")
>>> socks
[<<ISOTPNativeSocket: read/write packets at a given CAN interface using CAN_ISOTP socket > at 0x7f98e27c8210>,
 <<ISOTPNativeSocket: read/write packets at a given CAN interface using CAN_ISOTP socket > at 0x7f98f9079cd0>,
 <<ISOTPNativeSocket: read/write packets at a given CAN interface using CAN_ISOTP socket > at 0x7f98f90cd490>,
 <<ISOTPNativeSocket: read/write packets at a given CAN interface using CAN_ISOTP socket > at 0x7f98f912ec50>,
 <<ISOTPNativeSocket: read/write packets at a given CAN interface using CAN_ISOTP socket > at 0x7f98f912e950>,
 <<ISOTPNativeSocket: read/write packets at a given CAN interface using CAN_ISOTP socket > at 0x7f98f906c0d0>]

UDS

The main usage of UDS is flashing and diagnostic of an ECU. UDS is an application layer protocol and can be used as a DoIP or ENET payload or a UDS packet can directly be sent over an ISOTPSocket. Every OEM has its own customization of UDS. This increases the difficulty of generic applications and OEM specific knowledge is required for penetration tests. RoutineControl jobs and ReadDataByIdentifier/WriteDataByIdentifier services are heavily customized.

Use the argument basecls=UDS on the init function of an ISOTPSocket.

Here are two usage examples:

Customization of UDS_RDBI, UDS_WDBI

In real-world use-cases, the UDS layer is heavily customized. OEMs define their own substructure of packets. Especially the packets ReadDataByIdentifier or WriteDataByIdentifier have a very OEM or even ECU specific substructure. Therefore a StrField dataRecord is not added to the field_desc. The intended usage is to create ECU or OEM specific description files, which extend the general UDS layer of Scapy with further protocol implementations.

Customization example:

cat scapy/contrib/automotive/OEM-XYZ/car-model-xyz.py
#! /usr/bin/env python

# Protocol customization for car model xyz of OEM XYZ
# This file contains further OEM car model specific UDS additions.

from scapy.packet import Packet
from scapy.contrib.automotive.uds import *

# Define a new packet substructure

class DBI_IP(Packet):
name = 'DataByIdentifier_IP_Packet'
fields_desc = [
    ByteField('ADDRESS_FORMAT_ID', 0),
    IPField('IP', ''),
    IPField('SUBNETMASK', ''),
    IPField('DEFAULT_GATEWAY', '')
]

# Bind the new substructure onto the existing UDS packets

bind_layers(UDS_RDBIPR, DBI_IP, dataIdentifier=0x172b)
bind_layers(UDS_WDBI, DBI_IP, dataIdentifier=0x172b)

# Give add a nice name to dataIdentifiers enum

UDS_RDBI.dataIdentifiers[0x172b] = 'GatewayIP'

If one wants to work with this custom additions, these can be loaded at runtime to the Scapy interpreter:

>>> load_contrib("automotive.uds")
>>> load_contrib("automotive.OEM-XYZ.car-model-xyz")

>>> pkt = UDS()/UDS_WDBI()/DBI_IP(IP='192.168.2.1', SUBNETMASK='255.255.255.0', DEFAULT_GATEWAY='192.168.2.1')

>>> pkt.show()
###[ UDS ]###
  service= WriteDataByIdentifier
###[ WriteDataByIdentifier ]###
     dataIdentifier= GatewayIP
     dataRecord= 0
###[ DataByIdentifier_IP_Packet ]###
        ADDRESS_FORMAT_ID= 0
        IP= 192.168.2.1
        SUBNETMASK= 255.255.255.0
        DEFAULT_GATEWAY= 192.168.2.1

>>> hexdump(pkt)
0000  2E 17 2B 00 C0 A8 02 01 FF FF FF 00 C0 A8 02 01  ..+.............

GMLAN

GMLAN is very similar to UDS. It’s GMs application layer protocol for flashing, calibration and diagnostic of their cars. Use the argument basecls=GMLAN on the init function of an ISOTPSocket.

Usage example:

ECU Utility examples

The ECU utility can be used to analyze the internal states of an ECU under investigation. This utility depends heavily on the support of the used protocol. UDS is supported.

Log all commands applied to an ECU

This example shows the logging mechanism of an ECU object. The log of an ECU is a dictionary of applied UDS commands. The key for this dictionary is the UDS service name. The value consists of a list of tuples, containing a timestamp and a log value

Usage example:

ecu = ECU(verbose=False, store_supported_responses=False)
ecu.update(PacketList(msgs))
print(ecu.log)
timestamp, value = ecu.log["DiagnosticSessionControl"][0]

Trace all commands applied to an ECU

This example shows the trace mechanism of an ECU object. Traces of the current state of the ECU object and the received message are printed on stdout. Some messages, depending on the protocol, will change the internal state of the ECU.

Usage example:

ecu = ECU(verbose=True, logging=False, store_supported_responses=False)
ecu.update(PacketList(msgs))
print(ecu.current_session)

Generate supported responses of an ECU

This example shows a mechanism to clone a real world ECU by analyzing a list of Packets.

Usage example:

ecu = ECU(verbose=False, logging=False, store_supported_responses=True)
ecu.update(PacketList(msgs))
supported_responses = ecu.supported_responses
unanswered_packets = ecu.unanswered_packets
print(supported_responses)
print(unanswered_packets)

Analyze multiple UDS messages

This example shows how to load UDS messages from a .pcap file containing CAN messages. A PcapReader object is used as socket and an ISOTPSession parses CAN frames to ISOTP frames which are then casted to UDS objects through the basecls parameter

Usage example:

with PcapReader("test/contrib/automotive/ecu_trace.pcap") as sock:
    udsmsgs = sniff(session=ISOTPSession, session_kwargs={"use_ext_addr":False, "basecls":UDS}, count=50, opened_socket=sock)


ecu = ECU()
ecu.update(udsmsgs)
print(ecu.log)
print(ecu.supported_responses)
assert len(ecu.log["TransferData"]) == 2

Analyze on the fly with ECUSession

This example shows the usage of an ECUSession in sniff. An ISOTPSocket or any socket like object which returns entire messages of the right protocol can be used. An ECUSession is used as supersession in an ISOTPSession. To obtain the ECU object from an ECUSession, the ECUSession has to be created outside of sniff.

Usage example:

session = ECUSession()

with PcapReader("test/contrib/automotive/ecu_trace.pcap") as sock:
    udsmsgs = sniff(session=ISOTPSession, session_kwargs={"supersession": session, "use_ext_addr":False, "basecls":UDS}, count=50, opened_socket=sock)

ecu = session.ecu
print(ecu.log)
print(ecu.supported_responses)

SOME/IP and SOME/IP SD messages

Creating a SOME/IP message

This example shows a SOME/IP message which requests a service 0x1234 with the method 0x421. Different types of SOME/IP messages follow the same procedure and their specifications can be seen here http://www.some-ip.com/papers/cache/AUTOSAR_TR_SomeIpExample_4.2.1.pdf.

Load the contribution:

load_contrib("automotive.someip")

Create UDP package:

u = UDP(sport=30509, dport=30509)

Create IP package:

i = IP(src="192.168.0.13", dst="192.168.0.10")

Create SOME/IP package:

sip = SOMEIP()
sip.iface_ver = 0
sip.proto_ver = 1
sip.msg_type = "REQUEST"
sip.retcode = "E_OK"
sip.srv_id = 0x1234
sip.method_id = 0x421

Add the payload:

sip.add_payload(Raw ("Hello"))

Stack it and send it:

p = i/u/sip
send(p)

Creating a SOME/IP SD message

In this example a SOME/IP SD offer service message is shown with an IPv4 endpoint. Different entries and options basically follow the same procedure as shown here and can be seen at https://www.autosar.org/fileadmin/user_upload/standards/classic/4-3/AUTOSAR_SWS_ServiceDiscovery.pdf.

Load the contribution:

load_contrib("automotive.someip")

Create UDP package:

u = UDP(sport=30490, dport=30490)

The UDP port must be the one which was chosen for the SOME/IP SD transmission.

Create IP package:

i = IP(src="192.168.0.13", dst="224.224.224.245")

The IP source must be from the service and the destination address needs to be the chosen multicast address.

Create the entry array input:

ea = SDEntry_Service()

ea.type = 0x01
ea.srv_id = 0x1234
ea.inst_id = 0x5678
ea.major_ver = 0x00
ea.ttl = 3

Create the options array input:

oa = SDOption_IP4_Endpoint()
oa.addr = "192.168.0.13"
oa.l4_proto = 0x11
oa.port = 30509

l4_proto defines the protocol for the communication with the endpoint, UDP in this case.

Create the SD package and put in the inputs:

sd = SD()
sd.set_entryArray(ea)
sd.set_optionArray(oa)

Stack it and send it:

p = i/u/sd
send(p)

OBD

OBD message

OBD is implemented on top of ISOTP. Use an ISOTPSocket for the communication with an ECU. You should set the parameters basecls=OBD and padding=True in your ISOTPSocket init call.

OBD is split into different service groups. Here are some example requests:

Request supported PIDs of service 0x01:

req = OBD()/OBD_S01(pid=[0x00])

The response will contain a PacketListField, called data_records. This field contains the actual response:

resp = OBD()/OBD_S01_PR(data_records=[OBD_S01_PR_Record()/OBD_PID00(supported_pids=3196041235)])
resp.show()
###[ On-board diagnostics ]###
  service= CurrentPowertrainDiagnosticDataResponse
###[ Parameter IDs ]###
     \data_records\
      |###[ OBD_S01_PR_Record ]###
      |  pid= 0x0
      |###[ PID_00_PIDsSupported ]###
      |     supported_pids= PID20+PID1F+PID1C+PID15+PID14+PID13+PID11+PID10+PID0F+PID0E+PID0D+PID0C+PID0B+PID0A+PID07+PID06+PID05+PID04+PID03+PID01

Let’s assume our ECU under test supports the pid 0x15:

req = OBD()/OBD_S01(pid=[0x15])
resp = sock.sr1(req)
resp.show()
###[ On-board diagnostics ]###
  service= CurrentPowertrainDiagnosticDataResponse
###[ Parameter IDs ]###
     \data_records\
      |###[ OBD_S01_PR_Record ]###
      |  pid= 0x15
      |###[ PID_15_OxygenSensor2 ]###
      |     outputVoltage= 1.275 V
      |     trim= 0 %

The different services in OBD support different kinds of data. Service 01 and Service 02 support Parameter Identifiers (pid). Service 03, 07 and 0A support Diagnostic Trouble codes (dtc). Service 04 doesn’t require a payload. Service 05 is not implemented on OBD over CAN. Service 06 supports Monitoring Identifiers (mid). Service 08 supports Test Identifiers (tid). Service 09 supports Information Identifiers (iid).

Examples:

Request supported Information Identifiers:

req = OBD()/OBD_S09(iid=[0x00])

Request the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN):

req = OBD()/OBD_S09(iid=0x02)
resp = sock.sr1(req)
resp.show()
###[ On-board diagnostics ]###
  service= VehicleInformationResponse
###[ Infotype IDs ]###
     \data_records\
      |###[ OBD_S09_PR_Record ]###
      |  iid= 0x2
      |###[ IID_02_VehicleIdentificationNumber ]###
      |     count= 1
      |     vehicle_identification_numbers= ['W0L000051T2123456']

Test-Setup Tutorials

Hardware Setup

Beagle Bone Black Operating System Setup

1. Download an Image

   The latest Debian Linux image can be found at the website

   https://beagleboard.org/latest-images. Choose the BeagleBone Black IoT version and download it.

   wget https://debian.beagleboard.org/images/bone-debian-8.7\
   -iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img.xz
   

   After the download, copy it to an SD-Card with minimum of 4 GB storage.

   xzcat bone-debian-8.7-iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img.xz | \
   sudo dd of=/dev/xvdj
   

2. Enable WiFi

   USB-WiFi dongles are well supported by Debian Linux. Login over SSH on the BBB and add the WiFi network credentials to the file /var/lib/connman/wifi.config. If a USB-WiFi dongle is not available, it is also possible to share the host’s internet connection with the Ethernet connection of the BBB emulated over USB. A tutorial to share the host network connection can be found on this page:

   https://elementztechblog.wordpress.com/2014/12/22/sharing-internet -using-network-over-usb-in-beaglebone-black/.

   Login as root onto the BBB:

   ssh debian@192.168.7.2
   sudo su
   

   Provide the WiFi login credentials to connman:

   echo "[service_home]
   Type = wifi
   Name = ssid
   Security = wpa
   Passphrase = xxxxxxxxxxxxx" \
   > /var/lib/connman/wifi.config
   

   Restart the connman service:

   systemctl restart connman.service
   

Dual-CAN Setup

1. Device tree setup

   You’ll need to follow this section only if you want to use two CAN interfaces (DCAN0 and DCAN1). This will disable I2C2 from using pins P9.19 and P9.20, which are needed by DCAN0. You only need to perform the steps in this section once.
   Warning: The configuration in this section will disable BBB capes from working. Each cape has a small I2C EEPROM that stores info that the BBB needs to know in order to communicate with the cape. Disable I2C2, and the BBB has no way to talk to cape EEPROMs. Of course, if you don’t use capes then this is not a problem.
   Acquire DTS sources that matches your kernel version. Go here and switch over to the branch that represents your kernel version. Download the entire branch as a ZIP file. Extract it and do the following (version 4.1 shown as an example):

   # cd ~/src/linux-4.1/arch/arm/boot/dts/include/
   # rm dt-bindings
   # ln -s ../../../../../include/dt-bindings
   # cd ..
   Edit am335x-bone-common.dtsi and ensure the line with "//pinctrl-0 = <&i2c2_pins>;" is commented out.
   Remove the complete &ocp section at the end of this file
   # mv am335x-boneblack.dts am335x-boneblack.raw.dts
   # cpp -nostdinc -I include -undef -x assembler-with-cpp am335x-boneblack.raw.dts > am335x-boneblack.dts
   # dtc -W no-unit_address_vs_reg -O dtb -o am335x-boneblack.dtb -b 0 -@ am335x-boneblack.dts
   # cp /boot/dtbs/am335x-boneblack.dtb /boot/dtbs/am335x-boneblack.orig.dtb
   # cp am335x-boneblack.dtb /boot/dtbs/
   Reboot
   

2. Overlay setup

   This section describes how to build the device overlays for the two CAN devices (DCAN0 and DCAN1). You only need to perform the steps in this section once.

   Acquire BBB cape overlays, in one of two ways…

   # apt-get install bb-cape-overlays
   https://github.com/beagleboard/bb.org-overlays/
   

   Then do the following:

   # cd ~/src/bb.org-overlays-master/src/arm
   # ln -s ../../include
   # mv BB-CAN1-00A0.dts BB-CAN1-00A0.raw.dts
   # cp BB-CAN1-00A0.raw.dts BB-CAN0-00A0.raw.dts
   Edit BB-CAN0-00A0.raw.dts and make relevant to CAN0. Example is shown below.
   # cpp -nostdinc -I include -undef -x assembler-with-cpp BB-CAN0-00A0.raw.dts > BB-CAN0-00A0.dts
   # cpp -nostdinc -I include -undef -x assembler-with-cpp BB-CAN1-00A0.raw.dts > BB-CAN1-00A0.dts
   # dtc -W no-unit_address_vs_reg -O dtb -o BB-CAN0-00A0.dtbo -b 0 -@ BB-CAN0-00A0.dts
   # dtc -W no-unit_address_vs_reg -O dtb -o BB-CAN1-00A0.dtbo -b 0 -@ BB-CAN1-00A0.dts
   # cp *.dtbo /lib/firmware
   

3. CAN0 Example Overlay

   Inside the DTS folder, create a file with the content of the following listing.

   cd ~/bb.org-overlays/src/arm
   cat <<EOF > BB-CAN0-00A0.raw.dts
   
   /*
    * Copyright (C) 2015 Robert Nelson <robertcnelson@gmail.com>
    *
    * Virtual cape for CAN0 on connector pins P9.19 P9.20
    *
    * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
    * published by the Free Software Foundation.
    */
   /dts-v1/;
   /plugin/;
   
   #include <dt-bindings/board/am335x-bbw-bbb-base.h>
   #include <dt-bindings/pinctrl/am33xx.h>
   
   / {
       compatible = "ti,beaglebone", "ti,beaglebone-black", "ti,beaglebone-green";
   
       /* identification */
       part-number = "BB-CAN0";
       version = "00A0";
   
       /* state the resources this cape uses */
       exclusive-use =
           /* the pin header uses */
           "P9.19",        /* can0_rx */
           "P9.20",        /* can0_tx */
           /* the hardware ip uses */
           "dcan0";
   
       fragment@0 {
           target = <&am33xx_pinmux>;
           __overlay__ {
               bb_dcan0_pins: pinmux_dcan0_pins {
                   pinctrl-single,pins = <
                       BONE_P9_19 (PIN_INPUT_PULLUP | MUX_MODE2) /* uart1_txd.d_can0_rx */
                       BONE_P9_20 (PIN_OUTPUT_PULLUP | MUX_MODE2) /* uart1_rxd.d_can0_tx */
                   >;
               };
           };
       };
   
       fragment@1 {
           target = <&dcan0>;
           __overlay__ {
               status = "okay";
               pinctrl-names = "default";
               pinctrl-0 = <&bb_dcan0_pins>;
           };
       };
   };
   EOF
   

4. Test the Dual-CAN Setup

   Do the following each time you need CAN, or automate these steps if you like.

   # echo BB-CAN0 > /sys/devices/platform/bone_capemgr/slots
   # echo BB-CAN1 > /sys/devices/platform/bone_capemgr/slots
   # modprobe can
   # modprobe can-dev
   # modprobe can-raw
   # ip link set can0 up type can bitrate 50000
   # ip link set can1 up type can bitrate 50000
   

   Check the output of the Capemanager if both CAN interfaces have been loaded.

   cat /sys/devices/platform/bone_capemgr/slots
   
   0: PF----  -1
   1: PF----  -1
   2: PF----  -1
   3: PF----  -1
   4: P-O-L-   0 Override Board Name,00A0,Override Manuf, BB-CAN0
   5: P-O-L-   1 Override Board Name,00A0,Override Manuf, BB-CAN1
   

   If something went wrong, dmesg provides kernel messages to analyse the root of failure.

5. References

   • embedded-things.com: Enable CANbus on the Beaglebone Black

   • electronics.stackexchange.com: Beaglebone Black CAN bus Setup

6. Acknowledgment

   Thanks to Tom Haramori. Parts of this section are copied from his guide: https://github.com/haramori/rhme3/blob/master/Preparation/BBB_CAN_setup.md

ISO-TP Kernel Module Installation

A Linux ISO-TP kernel module can be downloaded from this website: https://github.com/hartkopp/can-isotp.git. The file README.isotp in this repository provides all information and necessary steps for downloading and building this kernel module. The ISO-TP kernel module should also be added to the /etc/modules file, to load this module automatically at system boot of the BBB.

CAN-Interface Setup

As the final step to prepare the BBB’s CAN interfaces for usage, these interfaces have to be set up through some terminal commands. The bitrate can be chosen to fit the bitrate of a CAN bus under test.

ip link set can0 up type can bitrate 500000
ip link set can1 up type can bitrate 500000

Raspberry Pi SOME/IP setup

To build a small test environment in which you can send SOME/IP messages to and from server instances or disguise yourself as a server, one Raspberry Pi, your laptop and the vsomeip library are sufficient.

1. Download image

   Download the latest raspbian image (https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspbian/) and install it on the Raspberry.

2. Vsomeip setup

   Download the vsomeip library on the Rapsberry, apply the git patch so it can work with the newer boost libraries and then install it.

   git clone https://github.com/GENIVI/vsomeip.git
   cd vsomeip
   wget -O 0001-Support-boost-v1.66.patch.zip \
   https://github.com/GENIVI/vsomeip/files/2244890/0001-Support-boost-v1.66.patch.zip
   unzip 0001-Support-boost-v1.66.patch.zip
   git apply 0001-Support-boost-v1.66.patch
   mkdir build
   cd build
   cmake -DENABLE_SIGNAL_HANDLING=1 ..
   make
   make install
   

3. Make applications

   Write some small applications which function as either a service or a client and use the Scapy SOME/IP implementation to communicate with the client or the server. Examples for vsomeip applications are available on the vsomeip github wiki page (https://github.com/GENIVI/vsomeip/wiki/vsomeip-in-10-minutes).

Software Setup

Cannelloni Framework Installation

The Cannelloni framework is a small application written in C++ to transfer CAN data over UDP. In this way, a researcher can map the CAN communication of a remote device to its workstation, or even combine multiple remote CAN devices on his machine. The framework can be downloaded from this website: https://github.com/mguentner/cannelloni.git. The README.md file explains the installation and usage in detail. Cannelloni needs virtual CAN interfaces on the operator’s machine. The next listing shows the setup of virtual CAN interfaces.

modprobe vcan

ip link add name vcan0 type vcan
ip link add name vcan1 type vcan

ip link set dev vcan0 up
ip link set dev vcan1 up

tc qdisc add dev vcan0 root tbf rate 300kbit latency 100ms burst 1000
tc qdisc add dev vcan1 root tbf rate 300kbit latency 100ms burst 1000

cannelloni -I vcan0 -R <remote-IP> -r 20000 -l 20000 &
cannelloni -I vcan1 -R <remote-IP> -r 20001 -l 20001 &